CITY LIFE OR LIVING IN THE COUNTRYSIDE Essays - Chinese Society

CITY LIFE OR LIVING IN THE COUNTRYSIDE Essays - Chinese Society Grichikhina Anastasia 2 MO 31 CITY LIFE OR LIVING IN THE COUNTRYSIDE The Bible says: God made the country and man made the town. Nowadays more and more people enjoy living in the countryside. Due to the fact, there is a controversial debate whether such a life has more advantages than disadvantages. Some people, looking for a simple existence, prefer the space and natural rhythms that the countryside offers. Consequently, they believe that it has more positive effects. The others disagree, because they are enchanted by the constant buzz of the city streets filled with endless activities and opportunities. As a result, they stay at their towns. Country life supplies a number of advantages which cities lack. To begin with, the countryside is less polluted and the traffic is not so heavy. You are fit and you do not need to worry about your health condition, because in the country the air and water are so clean. Moreover, living in the countryside is much cheaper than it is in the city, so you may afford many other things, because the prices are lower. The other positive side is the safety. In the rural area the crime rate is much lower. There are not a lot of housebreaks and a possibility of burglary is also lower. In the countryside people keep eyes on neighbors estates. They always react when something strange is happening. As for people who disagree with this point of view, they say that moving to the country is a silly mistake. The unemployment rate is much higher than in the city, that is why there is always the lack of money. So, it is impossible to provide for the family and to enjoy all delights of life. Also, there is a problem of communication. If there is no own car in the family, its members will definitely depend on those who have it, because they will not have a chance to get to the city. What is more, it is important to mention that all the universities and colleges are concentrated in the cities. It will be a real problem to express your ability to study what you like and after graduating to find a well-paid job if you live in the country. To sum up, the accuracy of the issue is doubtful. There are both pros and cons of living in the countryside. The choice between living in the country or in the city depends a lot on the personality and preferences of a person. However, there are and have always been people eager to move out of city despite all the difficulties involved. 265 words

9 Sample Excellent Recommendation Letters for Your Job

9 Sample Excellent Recommendation Letters for Your Job SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Anyone who’s applied for a job knows how important recommendation letters can be to getting hired. While you've probably asked for a reference letter in the past, you may be less familiar with writing one. If someone asks you for a reference, how can you produce a greatletter that will help your employee, colleague, or friend get hired? To help you through the writing process, we’re providing nine samples of effective letters of recommendation (scroll down to skip to the samples!). By reading through these examples, you’ll gain a clear understanding of how to structure your own letters. Before getting to the free recommendation letter samples, let’s briefly review the role that referenceletters play in the hiring process. Why are they important, and what makes some stand out over others? Why Are Recommendation Letters Important? Many employers request recommendation letters to help them decide who to hire or internally promote. Throughout the hiring process, the applicant strives to present herself in the best light. Beyond the interview and resume, hiring managers look to recommendation letters to confirm the candidate’s qualifications and to gain insight from an outside party. The hiring manager wants to know what experiences the candidate will bring to the new role, how she’ll contribute to the company or organization, and how she’ll behave in the day-to-day. Recommendation letters can point to a candidate’s future performance by talking about her past achievements. Reference letters can also shed light on what it’s like to manage, work with, or, in the case of a character reference, be friends with the person under consideration. Theycomplement the candidate’s story and suggest what she’ll bring to the table in her next job. If you get asked to write a letter for someone, it’s safe to assume you want to do a good job. Helping someone get hired is not just a satisfying good deed, but it’s also good professional karma! So how can you turn those good intentions into a stand-out employee letter of recommendation? Each letter will, of course, be different, but good letters share certain key features. Read on to learn about three important characteristics of strong reference letters. Your recommendation letter's not the time to be cagey about your identity! The hiring manager wants to know who you are and why you're qualified to recommend the applicant. What Makes a Recommendation Letter Stand Out? 3Key Features Strong letters give positive descriptions of a candidate’s skills in a concise and powerful way. Beyond using language that's clear and error-free, what elements should your recommendation letter include to be effective? As you write your letter, make sure it does the following: #1: Explains Why You’re Qualified to Recommend the Candidate In order to hold weight, a recommendation letter should come from a reputable source. If an employer wants a professional reference, then the writer of that letter probably worked with the candidate in a supervisory capacity. Some employers will also be interested in letters from a colleague or, occasionally, a friend, neighbor, or family member. Most letters, though, will be written by a supervisor, manager, or boss of some sort. In the first paragraph, you should explain who you are and how you know the candidate. How long did you work with her and in what capacity? By explaining your relationship, you show that you’re qualified to give an honest assessment. If someone who feels like a relative stranger asks you to write a letter, you might consider declining or recommending someone else to write it. If you didn’t get to know the candidate’s work performance or only did so in a way completely unrelated to the new position, then you might not be able to provide a helpful letter of recommendation from employer to employee. The best letters are written by people who can speak to the candidate’s skills and accomplishments. Make sure to state clearly in the beginning of your letter who you are and why your opinion matters. #2: Customized to the New Position While you should speak to the candidate’s accomplishments in her past role, you should also show why she’d make a good fit in the next one. Even if the candidate’s making a career change, you can explain why she’ll be able to do well in the new industry. Here’s where open communication with the applicant is important. She should share the job description so you have a clear understanding of the position’s requirements. As the writer, you’re not expected to do much research on the new job. The candidate should provide you with everything you need to know to customize your letter. By drawing on this information, you can express confidence that the candidate will succeed in the new role. Then when the hiring manager reads your letter, she’ll feel reassured that the candidate would make a good fit. #3: Uses Specific Examples and Anecdotes Finally, and perhaps most importantly, your letter should provide specific examples about the candidate. Don’t just list adjectives like, â€Å"friendly, intelligent, and hard-working†; instead, present circumstances in which the candidate demonstrated those qualities. To borrow a favorite phrase of English teachers, â€Å"show, don’t just tell.† Not only will examples point to the value the candidate brought to your organization or company, but they’ll also paint a picture of how she works in day-to-day operations. Using two to three specific anecdotes in your letter will boost its level of persuasiveness. It will also sidestep a common rec letter trap: becoming a generic list of cliches. Just as you should only write a recommendation letter if you feel qualified to assess the candidate, you should also only write it if you can provide a great one. While you don’t want to go over the top and sound insincere, your letter should be a strongly positive endorsement. Want to provide a strong recommendation for your employee, but don't have the time to craft the perfect letter? PrepScholar's new recommendation tool, SimpleRec, takes you from good intentions and a blank page to a fully written and formatted letter of recommendation in under 5 minutes. All you need to do is give us some simple pieces of information about your employee and your experience working with them, and we'll do the rest. Try out SimpleRec risk-free today: Sample Recommendation Letters As you read through the nine free job recommendation letters below, notice how they all share the three key features described above, even though they differ in terms of their source and target audience. Below are nine sample recommendation letters, each followed by an analysis of what it does well! Sample Recommendation Letter 1: Written by a Direct Manager for a Full-Time Employee Sample Recommendation Letter 2: Written by a Principal for a Teacher Sample Recommendation Letter 3: Written by a Direct Manager for a Part-Time Employee Sample Recommendation Letter 4: Written by a Manager for a RemoteWorker Sample Recommendation Letter 5: Written by aSupervisor for an Internal Promotion Sample Recommendation Letter 6: Written by aSupervisor for a Student Intern Sample Recommendation Letter 7: Written by a Coworker Sample Recommendation Letter 8: Written by a Professor for a Former Student Sample Recommendation Letter 9: Written by a Friend as a Character Reference After checking out the above samples of recommendation letters, read on for some final thoughts onhow to write an excellent letter of recommendation for an employee, coworker, or friend. Now that you've got all the building blocks, you can put them together into a powerful letter of recommendation! Writing Strong Letters of Recommendation: Final Thoughts While the above samples of recommendation letters will help guide you through the letter writing process, they can’t look exactly like your final product. Writing a letter is a significant undertaking, as it requires you to customize your words to the candidate and make your letter unique. Even though the specifics will vary, strong letters of recommendation do have certain features in common.Each letter should... Use an Official Format The sample letters show the proper format for a recommendation letter. They have the employer’s name, position, company, and company’s address at the top. To give one example, here's the header for recommendation letter sample #1: Ms. Greta JohanssenSales ManagerStreambase Corp.66 Western BoulevardSanta Fe, New Mexico 87500 You should also use official letterhead that has your name and contact information across the top, in whatever way you've chosen to present it. Each letter is addressed to a specific person, a greeting that’s more personal than, â€Å"Dear Hiring Manager.† Typically, paragraphs are single-spaced with a double space in between each one. Finally, every letter concludes with an invitation to contact the writer for any further information. Then the writer may include her position, company, phone number, and email below her name. Start with a Strong Opener The strongest letters start out with an immediate statement of support. They might say, â€Å"It’s my honor,† â€Å"It’s my pleasure,† or â€Å"I’m very pleased to provide this letter of recommendation for Joe.† Stating the obvious with a sentence like, â€Å"I’m writing to recommend Joe,† looks weak beside a more enthusiastic opener. In the first paragraph, explain who you are and why you’re qualified to recommend the candidate. Write a line or two of praise about her professional and personal strengths, perhaps with a summary of the main points you’ll present in the rest of the letter. Include Two to Three Specific Examples As mentioned above, strong letters typically include two to three body paragraphs with specific anecdotes about the candidate. They don’t just describe the applicant’s great qualities and accomplishments; they give examples and prove to her prospective employer that she’s made achievements in the past that predict future success. You might talk about a project or responsibility of the applicant or the value she’s brought to your company. Consider relevant qualities like flexibility, initiative, leadership, growth, collaboration, interpersonal skills, and/or ability to perform within a certain environment or culture. To Sum Up... Depending on your relationship with the candidate, you might focus more on her work performance or personal character in your recommendation letter. An employer will focus more heavily on professional skills while a coworker may add personal qualities. A friend or neighbor providing a character reference would produce the most personal letter. It falls upon the candidate to choose her recommenders wisely and to share any relevant information about the prospective position to help them write the best letter they can. As long as you incorporate the key features discussed above and take the time to make your letter positive and specific, you’ll provide a strong recommendation letter that will help your employee, colleague, or friend get hired. And who knows - perhaps in a year or two, she’ll be writing a recommendation letter for you! What's Next? Are you tasked with writing a recommendation letter for a student applying to college? If so, check out these samples of recommendation letters from teachers and counselors, along with additional writing tips and a thorough recommendation letter template! 4 Amazing Samples of Recommendation Letters from Teachers Should You Move to a State with No Income Taxes 3 Examples of Excellent Recommendation Letters from Counselors Complete Guide: Writing a Strong Letter of Recommendation Unsecured Credit Cards for Those with Bad Credit A Great College Recommendation Letter Template Want to provide a strong recommendation for your employee, but don't have the time to craft the perfect letter? PrepScholar's new recommendation tool, SimpleRec, takes you from good intentions and a blank page to a fully written and formatted letter of recommendation in under 5 minutes. All you need to do is give us some simple pieces of information about your employee and your experience working with them, and we'll do the rest. Try out SimpleRec risk-free today:

Health and safety (human resources) within an organization reported in Essay

Health and safety (human resources) within an organization reported in the media - Essay Example The HR department of an organization should ensure the safety and health responsibilities of the employees. Managing record of injuries and deaths, co-ordinating in occupational safety and health training programs and providing advice to the employers and employees will help the organizations to practice effective occupational health and safety management. Description An explosion in the Foxconn factory in Chengdu in May 2011 left four people dead and may more injure. Over the last decade or so Apple had become one of the largest and most successful companies in the world and hence there millions of people want to be a part of the organization. Among these there exists one certain Mr. Lai Xiaodong who was badly injured in the blast. As mentioned before there is little doubt over the achievements of Apple. But there is also no denying regarding the fact that various workers assembling the products of Apple such as the iPhones, iPads have to work in quite harsh conditions. Various repo rts have suggested that the problems are quite serious; as a matter of fact some are known to be deadly. Sometimes the workers have to do overtime and have to work seven days a week. Some reports also suggested that some of the workers of the company happened to underage also. Another major course of concern has been the disregard shown by the suppliers of the company towards occupational hazard. Few years back more than hundred workers of the company were badly injured as the workers were forced to use poisonous chemicals to clean up iPhones. There have been various reports in which the employees of Apple, both current and formed said that there were various cases where Apple was the first to report such abuses. ( Duhigg and Barboza 1). However, it seems that some major problems are still at large. According to reports since 2007 more than 50% of the suppliers were found to have violated the suppliers’ code of conduct. In the year 2010, few months prior to the explosion Mr. Lai joined the Foxconn factory, it was noticed by him shifts ran almost 24 hours a day. Mr. Lai was promoted quite quickly as he was made the in-charge of the maintenance group (Fox News 1). It is believe that just two weeks prior to the explosion an advocacy group in Hon Kong published a report regarding unsafe conditions at the plant in Chengdu. A copy of the report was sent to the authorities in Apple also. Unfortunately there was no response. It was believed that aluminium dust could be found all over the factory. Conclusion To conclude it can be said that health and occupational hazard are a major course of concern and need to be treated seriously. However, lack of monitoring and presence of ignorance among the authorities still looms at large across various companies, which includes multinational giants like Apple also. The case is a classic example of how negligence and lack of monitoring can lead to lethal accidents. Hence it is to be said the just like healthy pay outs resp ect for health and safety issue at work is of equal importance and needs to be treated to respectfully by the organizations to avoid such deadly accidents. Recommendations It is evident that, lack of monitory and negligence is the major reasons behind the workplace hazard in the Chinese manufacturing plant of Apple. The workplace environment was not healthy and safe for the employees. The supervisor has repeatedly sent

Report Writing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Report Writing - Assignment Example The suspect was identified as Ricky Moon, a white male, aged 22 years; with a height, 6’; weighing, 192; at the moment he was wearing blue jeans and a ski cap. The officer immediately transported him back to the bank in an attempt of finding witnesses who would help with the suspect identification. Beamer and Katz who were both present during the process of the robbery positively identified the suspect. Following the positive identification, Judge L.C Green gave out a search warrant for the green Ford pickup that was bearing a New York licence TFH 789 and at that time was being driven by Ricky Moon and later found to be registered to the same man. The following items were obtained from the truck; 38 calibre blue steel revolver having serial number of 78695, a 4-inch barrel, black rubber grips, Green money bag, top zipper of First National Bank of New York, a Blue ski cap having eye holes cut within the fabric, a pair of blue jeans with red dye stains, black boots, pump shotgun, brown wood stock having the serial number of 436790 and $5,000 in $100 bills all of this materials were found in the suspects truck and are directly related to the above stated robbery. The witnesses at the crime scene; Frank Beamer and Jo Katz testified that on 20th of January, 2008 at around 1.30 pm a robbery occurred at the First National Bank of New York. The robber who carried out the offence was described as a white man, in blue jeans, wearing black shoes, in his twenties and also wearing a fabric on the head having holes cut in the fabric. Both witnesses stated to have observed that the suspected robber was in possession of two guns and also was wearing a jacket; moreover both added that the man was either in his twenties or early thirties. However there are some of the reported attributes by the two witnesses which are contradicting like Katz reported that the suspect had black hair and blue eyes, whereas Beamer reported the suspect to be having

The congenital heart disease

The congenital heart disease Does an Exercise Program following Cardiac Surgery for Congenital Heart Defects improve a Childs Cardiopulmonary Response to Exercise and Increase Exercise Tolerance? Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paediatric Cardiac Problems are prevalent throughout the world with 1.5 million new cases diagnosed each year. Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) is the most common diagnosis of heart problems at birth. Between four and nine per one thousand live births each year are diagnosed with the condition (Draper 2008). In 2007, 989 live births were recorded of babies with cardiovascular abnormalities (National Statistics 2007). Congenital Heart Disease is an umbrella term which encompasses all heart defects that are present when a child is born. The child may have one or multiple defects at birth which can either be detected by a scan ante-natally or are diagnosed soon after birth. Although the diagnosis of CHD is now becoming easier, some diagnoses of the condition do not happen till later on in life. Statistics show that around 60% of congenital heart disease are diagnosed in babies aged from birth to one year, 30% in children aged one to fifteen, and 10% in adul thood (16 years and over) (BHF 2003). Many common conditions include a Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD), an Atrial Septal Defect (ASD), Pulmonary Artery Stenosis, Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) (Fig. 1) and Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) (Fig. 2). Congenital Heart Disease is now not just a problem of the child, many people with the condition are now living into adulthood. It is predicted that by 2010, 185,000 people will be living in the UK with CHD (Deanfield (BHF) 2003). Treatment for Congenital Heart Conditions has changed rapidly over the last 50 years. Now surgical management is needed in most cases however some defects will either resolve themselves or require medication. Surgical treatment has changed in recent times, fewer patients are requiring open heart surgery and more are receiving a catheterisation technique. Around 3,100 operations and 725 interventional cardiac catheterisations are performed each year on babies and children with CHD (BHF 2003). The effects of surgical interventions on cardiopulmonary function have been thoroughly researched in the past. The studies have concluded that surgery does improve lung and cardiac function and reduces secondary complications (Picchio 2006). Exercise is widely known as the best treatment for most musculoskeletal problems but its effects on the cardiopulmonary system has only recently been researched into (Cullen 1991). Pulmonary and Cardiac Rehabilitation have now been shown to have an effect in adults but the research into paediatric rehabilitation classes is not widely known about. Other studies have looked at exercise training or a cardiac rehabilitation programmes following surgery and the effect of this on the patients exercise tolerance. I am going to use this review to assess these studies which look at both cardiac rehabilitation programmes and also levels of exercise tolerance following surgery. I want to discuss whether there are any gaps in the knowledge base surrounding the effects of exercise in cardiac surgery of paediatrics. I also want to conclude whether the assumption that exercise is positive, can be correctly justified. Method After deciding a topic I was able to start researching into the background area of paediatric cardiology. I started by using a combination of terms including, Exercise, Sports, Physical Activity, Paediatrics, Children, Post-Cardiac Surgery, Congenital Heart Disease, Congenital Heart Defects and Cardiac Rehabilitation. The search pages I found highlighted articles of relevance and then I used the link to related articles to find the studies (see appendix 1). I also searched on individual journal websites including, Paediatric Cardiology and Cardiology in the Young. I used databases such as Pubmed, Medline, Ovid, Sciencedirect and Springerlink to read abstracts of articles and decide their relevance to my review. I then selected the most relevant and used excel to compile a table where I could easily see the differences in the studies under headings (see appendix 4). The studies I am looking at are all based on paediatrics and are randomised controlled trials dating from 1981 to 2009. Although some of the studies are nearly thirty years old, they hold some strong evidence compared to present day studies and therefore I have not discounted older studies from this review. Other reviews have assessed whether exercise has an impact on cardiopulmonary performance and have been shown that an exercise rehabilitation class does provide benefits in cardiopulmonary performance and exercise capacity. Some of the studies that are being reviewed however are concluding with insignificant findings. The reviews have stated that research lacks long-term effects of training and also a clear understanding as to which exercise type is best (Tomassoni 1996). In this review I will try look at newer studies and see if the areas of knowledge that were found to be omitted after previous reviews have now been researched into. Review of Studies Firstly I am going to discuss the testing of the participants. All of the studies completed two exercise tests to assess the participants ability before and after either the cardiac rehabilitation program or surgery. Exercise testing is very difficult to reproduce. Many studies have problems with ensuring the test is accurate and reliable and many struggle, causing results and testing to be different and therefore not comparable. If the results are not accurate and cannot be compared to other studies the results can cause a change in average results and therefore may mislead readers into a false positive result. Each of the studies used either a treadmill test or a cycle ergometer to test their participants cardiopulmonary function and exercise tolerance. Using these two tests is the most common technique of testing function as it is very reliable. (Washington 1994) All studies used a specific protocol outlined in the Washington Guidelines with all of the studies using a treadmill test with five of the thirteen studies using Bruces protocol. Bruces protocol is where the grade of exercise is increased every 3 minutes until the participant has reached their maximum capacity and cannot continue. The bicycle ergometer tests are where the participants are required to cycle continuously at approximately 50-60rpm where the grade of exercise is increased by 10-20 watts/ minute every three minutes. This is also completed until the participant can no longer continue (Washington 1994). Exercise testing using a treadmill or a cycle ergometer causes problems because the task they are undertaking in the test are is not functional and do not relate to daily tasks. Running and cycling is functional but not to that grade of exhaustion. Many children normally will stop an exercise when they are tiring and will never push themselves to the level that these exercise tests are pushing them. The tasks are also not fun for the participants and I feel that it should be fun otherwise children will get bored. This is the same with the intervention as well and the programmes should be child orientated and individual to each child. Outcome Measures are the basis to the results of a study and therefore its effectiveness. A lack of certain outcome measures may show large flaws in a study as many can be used to assess different parts of function and physiological activities. In the studies looking at the effects of cardiovascular surgery, there were a limited number of outcome measures that were looked at. Sarubbi (2000) only looked at heart rate and blood pressure as outcome measures and this limits results. The main outcome measures were heart rate, blood pressure and maximum work rate in all the studies. These outcome measures although very limited are values that help us to understand cardiovascular activities. Other helpful measures would have been oxygen saturations, which only Rhodes studies (2005/6) looked into. Saturations are helpful to assess whether a change in heart rate or blood pressure affects saturations or whether a change in these may be due to a ventilation problem. (Rivers 2001) The outcome measures of the cardiac rehabilitation studies are all different but all have similarly looked at exercise capacity after the intervention. This is shown by all the studies using VO2 as a measure and that all the participants improved their VO2 maximum to allow for a greater exercise capacity. The only study that did not prove an increase in VO2 max was Goldbergs study (1981) which only showed an improvement in maximum work rate. This could have been due to the date in which the study was undertaken. This was one of the earlier studies done in 1981 and therefore technology may not have been as accurate or as reliable as some of the later studies done since 2000. However Goldbergs study was the one that had the most intervention time of all the studies with exercise of up to 45 minutes completed on alternate days with a strict regime to increase grade of exercise over the 6 weeks. This leads me to believe that maybe it was inappropriate testing or inaccurate technology tha t changed the results of the study as previous reviews have shown that an increase in exercise time has shown to have positive effects on health. As technology has developed since the early eighties, this may be why more accurate testing is used and therefore making results more positive to the outcome we wish. Another problem in trials of this sort is compliance. Compliance is always an issue when completing studies (Burke 1997). Initially recruiting people to participate is difficult and many people with either choose not to participate or may drop-out early in the study. Many people will not participate because of exercise testing being too invasive or because of geographical implications as the distance to the base of the study being an issue. Some of the studies had large drop-out rates with almost 30% decrease in patients initially viable for the treatment plan and those who undertook the tests in the study (Arvidsson 2009). I think this could be explained by that the studies involved child participants that are less compliant to long term programmes and who tire easily to an activity. Also due to the nature of the surgery that they have all completed, many parents will be protective over their children and be pushing the participants exercise tolerance will make many parents worried about their childs health. Much of this can be avoided by specifically explaining the procedures and answering any questions that the parent or participant may have to educate them that this a treatment plan and is not going to hinder their childs recovery or health. Also intervention time is a major issue when looking at trials. Some may be days long and others have follow-ups of years once the intervention has finished. The studies that focus on Cardiac rehabilitation all have various time scales of their intervention with the shortest program being six weeks (Goldberg 1981) and the longest around twenty weeks (Opocher 2005). The difference in timescale and the different number of sessions that the participants attend makes it difficult to assess whether it is the content of the program that affects the patients or whether just exercising over a longer, more sustained period of time effects the participants in the same way. I think studies that look at different contents of treatment programmes but have a fixed intervention time may be beneficial in deciding the aim of this review. When looking at the studies, all of the cardiac rehabilitation programs only assess the patients exercise performance straight after the program and only one study looks at the effects of the program long term. Rhodes et al 2005 firstly looked at the immediate effect of a cardiac rehabilitation program and then in 2006 did another study looking at the same participants of the previous study six months after the original program. The studies that look at exercise capacity before and after surgery also do not look at the effects of the cardiovascular system in response to exercise on a long term scale. Long term effects are the best indicator to say that function and exercise capacity has improved (Miller 2005). Sociodemographics of the subjects in a study are also important to review as to its involvement in accuracy of results. Different age ranges or male to female ratios cause studies to be inaccurate in trying to generalise the population group. Many of the studies had a very large age range within their participant groups with the largest difference being 17.6 years in Marino et als study in 2005. I feel that the exercise difference between a seven year old is very different to that of a twenty-four year old. I feel that a large age range is used to increase subject numbers. Male: Female ratios are also important and that a large majority in these studies had male participants. The biggest ratio of male to female was in Opochers (2005) study where there were nine male participants and only one female participants. The best ratio of male: female was either Moalla (2006) study with 44 males and 39 females. This is important as I believe men and women react differently to exercise. Subject numbers is also a large problem with these studies. Due to most of the studies only looking at the children that have had surgery in their trust or hospital they have decreased their subject numbers and none of the studies look at the effects on large number of subjects on a national scale. The studies that looked at cardiac rehabilitation all have subject numbers under 16 which is a very big limitation. The only studies that have larger numbers are the ones that look at exercise capacity after surgery. By having participants that are only from the immediate area of the study base also means you do not get a generalised view of everyone nationally and you may not cover different children from different backgrounds socially and economically and so may have different attitudes to rehabilitation, treatment and self-management. Studies with participants that are not generalised to their population group can therefore produce a bias result to that specific population group. Also having different backgrounds of participants is important in assessing their compliance and what individual exercise programme they should be given. Having a specific age range is particularly important as many of the subjects may be inappropriate for the programme due to their age. Some of the subjects may be too young and using subjects that are under six years old would be inappropriate due to the subjects being too young to understand the instructions of the study. Using older subjects may also cause different results as their bodies have had longer to regain independent function and the body has had time to compensate for a lack in cardiopulmonary function. I think it is important to keep variables as succinct as possible and trials should be able to based on one variable alone and truly work on whether surgery or exercise has a n effect on that variable independently. Effects of Cardiac Rehabilitation The studies looking at cardiac rehabilitation all have an exercise programme set up for their patients either at home (Moalla 2006) or in an outpatient setting (Ruttenberg 1983). These sessions ranging in therapy time from one hour alternate days to one hour once a week, all show an increase in either cardiopulmonary performance or in exercise tolerance. This shows that a rehabilitation programme is appropriate for these patients and does have a positive effect on the participants life. Rhodes studies (2005/6) had the greatest effect on the patients final outcome. Not only did most of the testing result in significant effects but the large range of outcome measures used means that we can assess not only the cardiovascular performance of the participant but also look at the pulmonary effects of the exercise and their effects of the heart and the cardiac system. What we can also see from this review is that the cardiac rehabilitation programmes are becoming more significant in results as the studies get newer. This is a good indicator that current programmes are being effective in their rehabilitation (Opocher 2005, Rhodes 2005/6, Moalla 2006) and that newer techniques and more knowledge on exercise has lead to better run classes which not only improve results more consistently than the older studies and that the effects from an initial programme can also be maintained for 6months after intervention (Rhodes 2006). Effects of Cardiovascular Surgery Two of the studies looking at effects of surgery only have exercise testing after the surgery. The study by Arvidsson only used the number of sports sessions a week that the participant goes to after the surgery. Therefore a direct comparison between their before and after the surgery ability cannot be done and so the study is only looking at their sports participation after surgery and not the effects of the surgery. However these studies do show that after surgery childrens exercise tolerance increases to the level that healthy participants are achieving (Zaccara 2003) and they are participating in equal amounts of sports participation following surgery (Arvidsson 2009) Future ideas In future studies, long term effects of cardiac rehabilitation should be researched, with a follow-up test of a least a year after their rehabilitation to see if the participant is now more active. I also think a control group should be used in the study to look at the effects of non-surgical patients that also participate in cardiac rehabilitation. This is to assess whether the improvement seen during cardiac rehabilitation is not just a response to any exercise and that if a child went back to normality and participating in sports then they will just be as exercise tolerant as children who do not have CHD. Also I would suggest that an exercise programme for the patients that is more functional but also fun and exciting for the patient should be used to increase compliance and also enjoyment for the participants and their parents. Conclusion In conclusion, Cardiac surgery is a commonly used form of reducing congenital heart defects and has been shown by these studies that the surgery does have an improvement on the patients cardiopulmonary performance. I have also found that a cardiac rehabilitation programme is beneficial for paediatric patients after cardiac surgery for congenital heart defects. References/ Bibliography Arvidsson, D (2009) Physical Activity, sports participation and aerobic fitness in children who have undergone surgery for congenital heart defects. Acta Paediatrica 98 pp. 1475-1482 Balfour, I. (1991) Pediatric Cardiac Rehabilitation. AJDC- Volume 145 pp. 627-630 Bradley, L. (1985) Effect of Intense Aerobic Training on Exercise Performance in Children After Surgical Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot or Complete Transposition of the Great Arteries. The American Journal of Cardiology Volume 56 pp.816-818 Burke, L. (1997) Compliance with cardiovascular disease prevention strategies: A review of the research. Annals of Behavioural Medicine. Volume 19, number 3, pp. 239-263 Cullen, S. (1991) Exercise in Congenital Heart Disease. Cardiology in the Young; 1: pp. 129-135 Deanfield J. (2003) Congenital Heart Disease Statistics (accessed on 8/11/09) British Heart Foundation Statistics Database www.heartstats.org disease participate in sport and in which kind of sport? Journal Of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7: pp. 234-238 Draper, Dr. Richard (2008) Congenital Heart Disease in Children (accessed on 3/11/09) http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/Congenital-Heart-Disease-(CHD)-in-Children.htm ECHO (Evelina Childrens Heart Organisation) (accessed on 15/11/2009) http://www.echo-evelina.org.uk/ Goldberg, B. (1981) Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance of Children Following Surgical Repair of Congenital Heart Disease. Pediatrics Vol. 68 No.5 pp. 691-699 http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2007/08/01/health/adam/18088.jpg http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2007/08/01/health/adam/8807.jpg Marino, B. (2006) Exercise Performance in children and adolescents after the Ross procedure. Cardiology in the Young 16: 40-47 Miller, T. (2005) Exercise rehabilitation of paediatric patients with cardiovascular disease. Progress in Paediatric Cardiology Volume 20, pp. 27-37 Minamisawa, S. (2001) Effect of Aerobic Training on Exercise Performance in Patients After the Fontan Operation. The American Journal of Cardiology Volume 88 pp. 695-699 Moalla, W. (2006) Effect of exercise training on respiratory muscle oxygenation in children with congenital heart disease. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation 13: 604-611 National Statistics (2007) Congenital anomaly Statistics Notifications. Office for National Statistics. Series MB3, no.22 Opocher, F. (2005) Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training in Children After the Fontan Operation. The American Journal of Cardiology Vol. 95 pp.150-152 Picchio F. (2006) Can a child who has been operated on for congenital heart Rhodes J. (2006) Sustained Effects of Cardiac Rehabilitation in Children with serious Congenital Heart Disease. Paediatrics Volume 118:3 pp.586-592 Rhodes, J. (2005) Impact of Cardiac Rehabiliation on the Exercise Function of Children with Serious Congenital Heart Disease. Pediatrics Volume 116:6 pp.1339-1345 Rivers, E. (2001) Central venous oxygen saturation monitoring in the critically ill patient. Current Opinion in Critical Care. Volume 7, issue 3, pp. 204-211 Ruttenberg, H. (1983) Effects of Exercise Training on Aerobic Fitness in Children after Open Heart Surgery. Pediatric Cardiology Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 19-24 Sarubbi, B. (2000) Exercise Capacity in Young Patients after Total Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot. Paediatric Cardiology 21: 211-215 Tomassoni, T. (1996) Role of exercise in the management of cardiovascular disease in children and youth. Medicine Science in Sports Exercise. Volume 28(4), pp 406-413 Washington RL. Et al. (1994) Guidelines for exercise testing in the pediatric age group. Journal of the American Heart Association. Volume 90;pp. 2166-2179 Zaccara, A. (2003) Cardiopulmonary Performances in Young Children and Adolescents Born with Large Abdominal Wall Defects. Journal of Pediatric Surgery Volume 38;3 pp 478-481

Aerospace Engineering – Paper

Aerospace engineering Aerospace engineering is a challenging and exciting field that is engaged in the design of aircraft and space systems. The US aerospace industry is a world leader and one of the largest positive contributors to the US economy. In Aerospace Engineering, strong technical competency in the fundamental principles of mathematics and fundamentals of science is needed to succeed. Aerospace Engineering provides career opportunities in both aeronautics or astronautics related fields.In Aerospace engineering a person designs, test, and supervise the manufacture of aircraft, spacecraft, and missiles. The best places to earn your degree for this field are NC State, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, and University of Central Florida. The term â€Å"rocket scientist† is sometimes used to describe a person of great intelligence since â€Å"rocket science† is seen as a practice requiring great mental ability, especially technical and mathematical ability. The roots of aeronautical engineering can be traced back to the earliest sketches of flight vehicles, by Leonardo da Vinci in the late 1400’s.The first was an ornithopter, a flying machine using flapping wings to imitate the flight of birds. The second idea was an aerial screw, the predecessor of the helicopter. The breakthrough in aircraft progress came in 1799 when Sir George Cayley, an English baron, drew an airplane incorporating a fixed wing for lift, an empennage, and a separate propulsion system. Because engine development was virtually nonexistent, Cayley turned to gliders, building the first successful one in 1849. Gliding flights established a data base for aerodynamics and aircraft design. â€Å"aerospace engineering. â€Å") Aerospace engineering may be studied at the advanced diploma, bachelors, masters, and Ph. D. levels in aerospace engineering departments at many universities, and in mechanical engineering departments at others. A few departments offer degrees i n space-focused astronautical engineering. Aerospace Engineering is all about flight – airplanes, spacecraft, hovercraft, helicopters, you name it. It includes the study of aerodynamics, aerospace structures, propulsion, flight mechanics and systems, and vehicle design.A major in Aerospace Engineering, there is four seriously intense years, but a graduate will graduate with a solid understanding of the physical fundamentals underlying atmospheric and space flight and the ability to research, analyze, and design the flying machines of the future. Aerospace engineering is the main branch of engineering concerned with the design, construction, and science of aircraft and spacecraft. It is divided into two major and overlying branches: aeronautical engineering and astronautical engineering.The aeronautical deals with craft that stay within Earth's atmosphere, and the astronautical with craft that operates outside it. Aerospace engineering is the primary branch of engineering conc erned with the design, construction, and science of aircraft and spacecraft. Aerospace Engineering deals with the design, construction, and study of the science behind the forces and physical properties of aircraft, rockets, flying craft, and spacecraft. The field also covers their aerodynamic characteristics and behaviors, airfoil, control surfaces, lift, drag, and other properties.Aerospace engineering is not to be confused with the various other fields of engineering that go into designing elements of these complex craft. For example, the design of aircraft avionics, while certainly part of the system as a whole, would rather be considered electrical engineering, or perhaps computer engineering. Or an aircraft's landing gear system may be considered primarily the field of mechanical engineering. There is typically a combination of many disciplines that make up aerospace engineering.Bachelor of Science in Aerospace Engineering prepares students to design and test aircrafts, such a s helicopters, jets, planes and spacecraft. Students are qualified to construct, manufacture and analyze space systems and aircrafts. The curriculum includes basic sciences and mathematics essential to understanding the functions of aerospace engineering. Some programs culminate in a final project designing an aircraft or spacecraft. Master's degree programs can be found as a Master of Science in Aerospace Engineering and a Master of Aerospace Engineering.Graduate aerospace engineering programs teach students on the technological problems and scientific solutions pertaining to the aerospace field. Students work with up-to-date technology, including simulation, computer analysis and computer-aided design, to solve real-world industry problems. Advanced coursework in aerodynamics and fluid dynamics, aerospace design and space design builds upon previously acquired theoretical knowledge. By completing such a program, graduate aerospace engineers will have a deep understanding of what g oes into designing aircrafts and space modules. A Ph.D. in Aviation and Aerospace Engineering is available to aerospace engineering graduates. Within these programs, students complete courses and projects that teach them the foundations of aviation, as well as the inner workings of mechanical designs. Students delve into innovative theories and practices of these two fields. The aviation program will emphasize the important aspects of safety management, economics and regulatory procedures. (â€Å"education-portal. com. â€Å") At North Carolina State University, a bachelors, masters, and doctorates degree is available for Aerospace Engineering.Academic GPA, class rank, and standardized test scores are very important in applying to NC State. It is required to have four English courses, two foreign languages, one history, four math’s, three sciences, one social studies, and at least one elective but four is recommended. With more than 5,900 undergraduate and 2,200 graduate st udents, NC State Engineering is the largest college at North Carolina State University. It consists of more than 20 centers, institutes and laboratories and 12 highly ranked departments, 9 of which are administered by the College and 3 administered by other NC State colleges, and 17 accredited academic programs. â€Å"NCSU†) At Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University a bachelors and masters degrees are available for aerospace engineering. Academic GPA, Class Rank, Recommendations, and Standardized Test Scores are very important when applying to Embry-Riddle. It is required to have four credits in English, one in history, three in math, two in science, two science-labs, two social studies, and three academic electives. One foreign language is recommended. The AE Department consists of 22 full-time faculty, 1,300 undergraduate students, and 100 graduate students.The Bachelor of Science in Aerospace Engineering has been offered since the 1950s, when Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Instit ute was located in Miami, Florida. Embry-Riddle moved to Daytona Beach, Florida, in 1965. Ten years later the BSAE was accredited by ABET, as it has been ever since. The initiation of the master's degree in Aerospace Engineering took place in 1985. Enrollment in that program has grown steadily. It is expected that the first PhD students in Aerospace Engineering will be accepted for fall 2013. (â€Å"daytonabeach. rau. edu†) At University of Central Florida a bachelor’s degree and master’s degree is available for aerospace engineering. Lectures in class room settings delivered by our world class faculty provide the necessary inspiration for students to understand important topics, and they develop the skill to inquire and explore new ideas on their own. The students have the opportunities to engage in experiments, design work, project work, industrial training and team work to enhance the learning process so vital in engineering education.The senior faculties are highly recognized in their fields and have earned numerous honors and awards from different engineering societies. The newer faculties are very promising and will soon become leaders in their fields. Many have won prestigious research awards from reputed funding agencies such as NSF, DoD, NASA, the Department of Energy, and the State of Florida. (â€Å"mmae†) The period through 2012 is likely to see a downfall in the demand for aerospace engineers. Competition from foreign firms and decrease in air travel are the main reasons for decrease in jobs related to designing and producing commercial aircraft.Yet, promising opportunities for aerospace engineers are expected to occur due to the fact that the degrees granted for this branch have gone down significantly due to the perceived lack of employment in this field. This means that the number of engineers trained in this field may not be sufficient to replace the large numbers of aerospace engineers who will retire during the 20 02-2012 period. In 2002, the median of annual earning of an aerospace engineer was $72,750. The middle 50 percent of aerospace engineers got salaries between $59,520 and $88,310.The lowest 10 percept earned about $49,640 or less, while the highest ten percent earned around $105,060 or more. A 2003 salary survey conducted by the National Association of Colleges and Employers projects that aerospace engineer with a bachelor’s degree get salaries which average around $48,028 a year. While those with a master’s degree receive $61,162 and those with a Ph. D. receive $68,406. It takes many different systems to keep air- and spacecraft aloft and aerospace engineers typically specialize. In addition to specializing in a particular system, such as propulsion or guidance and control systems, they ight specialize in a type of craft, such as helicopters. If you wish to be an aerospace engineer, the most direct route is to earn a bachelor's or master's degree in Aeronautics or Mech anical Engineering. Although there are rare instances, especially during a labor shortage, when employers might hire those with training in math or other physical sciences to work as engineers, these majors are not the recommended preparation for a career in this field. Entry-level jobs in engineering often involve working under the supervision of an experienced engineer and focusing on aspects of problems that can be solved with standard, routine techniques.Supervisors work closely with new engineers on the more unusual aspects of a job. As in most careers, with experience comes increasing independence and the opportunity to work on more-complex problems that can't be solved by standard processes. Aerospace engineer jobs include openings in mechanical, structural, avionics, systems and other engineering fields. Applicants for aerospace engineer jobs are required to possess prior training and work experience, as well as the ability to interpret technical blueprints, schematics and m anuals. Aerospace engineering encompasses the fields of aeronautical and astronautical engineering.Aerospace engineers work in teams to design, build, and test machines that fly within the earth's atmosphere and beyond. Although aerospace science is a very specialized discipline, it is also considered one of the most diverse. This field of engineering draws from such subjects as physics, mathematics, earth science, aerodynamics, and biology. Some aerospace engineers specialize in designing one complete machine, perhaps a commercial aircraft, whereas others focus on separate components such as for missile guidance systems. There are approximately 78,000 aerospace engineers working in the United States. (â€Å"bls. org†)

The Fight Against 5th Grade Writing Prompts Common Core

The Fight Against 5th Grade Writing Prompts Common Core A prompt could have a type of a question, which is thought of as one of the best methods to kick-start. Write an essay convincing your buddy that you need to begin swapping meals every single day. Describe the day once you felt disappointed for the very first time When employing the above-mentioned hints, it is going to be a lot easier to start. Now that you understand what the prompt is all about, plenty of thoughts will visit your mind, but this is the point at which you're still not prepared to write down the response. One of the greatest things about comic books and superhero movies is that so many encourage positive ideals like teamwork, selflessness and, first and foremost, bravery. The topic needs to be something that interests you. Describe a single thing you're really great at. Write about a few of the things you worry about. Select a topic you are conversant with for you in order to talk about your very own unforgettable life experience describing in details. Think of what your life would be like, the way that it would differ living more than 200 decades ago. Describe those 3 qualities. Write about your day in the life span of that individual. Concentrate on a specific habit your mother has and write about doing it. Your son or daughter will also utilize commas to separate items in a set. If revisions aren't sufficient to improve your son's or daughter's writing, then this year your little one could possibly be asked to rewrite the piece or try a new strategy. Then, to wrap this up, your youngster needs to have a well-reasoned conclusion. It is possible to also acquire several discounts on our site which will help you to save some more money for future orders or anything you want to spend them on. All people today learn differently. Be a building you recognize well. Lengthy written directions may also prove intimidating. So learning cursive is basically up to your youngster's teacher. At JumpStart, an individual can discover worksheets specializing in individual topics, giving children the liberty to practice in accordance with their requirements. If we will use precisely the same passage for a number of unique tasks, I will have them glue it in their notebook. A normal dictionary or thesaurus might be used during the contest. Suddenly, I received a telephone call. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, along with make sure you are getting the very best service our business can deliver. With time, the ring will have many choice boards. You will discover a wide selection of donuts in stores today. Be certain to highlight the advantages of the food which you bring! Think about all of the food that you keep in your refrigerator. You decide to improve the period of time spent exercising. You are able to also compose a persuasive paragraph sharing the exact info. Check the brief entry questions which can be successfully utilized as narrative writing prompts 2nd grade also. You choose to generate a bar graph of some important info to share online. Think of a few of the details. Choosing our service, you are going to understand that studying can be simple if you gain from the help of capable experts. Even though a picture-based prompt is likely the ideal option, elementary students may also benefit from some written instructions. To get ready for the demands of middle school and higher school writing, fifth graders ought to be mastering skills necessary for strong nonfiction writing. If you'd like to score your student's internet practice test, you should direct your student to record her or his answers on a different sheet of paper. A few of the dates include two different writing prompts to select from. Mostly, assignments asking you to respond to a particular prompt have a limited period of time in which you've got to finish the response. Provide all the first details, let us know about the deadline, and we'll begin making your paper to assist you in getting high grades. Even in the event the deadline is truly tight, feel free to get hold of our managers.